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title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" 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title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" title="熱敏打印機">熱敏打印機" 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????關鍵詞: 熱敏打印機? 熱敏行式打印機? 微型打印機? 高速
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??? 熱敏打印機具有噪音低、速度快、可靠性高、打印字符清晰等優點,目前已在POS終端系統、銀行系統、醫療儀器等領域得到廣泛應用。熱敏打印機根據其熱敏元件的排列方式可分為行式熱敏(Thermal Line Dot System)和列式熱敏(Thermal Serial Dot System)[1]。列式熱敏屬于早期產品,目前主要應用在一些對打印速度要求不高的場合,國內已有作者在其產品中使用[2～3]。行式熱敏屬20世紀90年代技術,其打印速度比列式熱敏快得多,目前最快速度已達到220mm/秒。要實現高速熱敏打印,除了選取高速熱敏打印頭外,還必須有相應的控制板與之配合。由于其進口原裝控制板價格昂貴,且有的不支持漢字打印,因此受日本精工代理商的委托,開發了一種基于77E58的高速行式熱敏打印機控制板,該控制板具有打印速度快、性能穩定等特點,目前已在中國移動、中國聯通、中國電信等1000多家營業廳的話費清單打印機中得到應用。?
1 行式熱敏打印的原理?
??? 行式熱敏打印頭(LTP2342)原理框圖如圖1所示。在一條長72mm的基體上均勻安裝了576個發熱元件。打印前將Vp連到打印機電源,要打印的數據在時鐘CLK的配合下由DAT端移到移位寄存器。當一個點行576位數據全部移到移位寄存器后,鎖存端
為低,將移位寄存器的數據鎖存到鎖存寄存器;然后在數據選通端
產生低電平,此時根據輸入的數據是1或0決定發熱元件是否發熱,從而在熱敏紙上產生要打印的點行。行式熱敏打印頭的控制信號的時序圖如圖2所示。?
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2 高速行式熱敏打印機的實現方法?
??? 要實現行式熱敏打印機打印的高速化,在設計時必須考慮如下三方面的內容。?
??? (1)選用高速行式熱敏打印頭?
??? 雖然行式熱敏打印比列式的速度快,但不同的行式熱敏打印頭的打印速度差別相當大,從最慢的20mm/s到最快的220mm/s。速度的快慢主要取決于打印頭的工作電壓、發熱元件的發熱效率、走紙電機的性能以及數據傳送方式等。因此要實現高速打印,必須選取高速的熱敏打印頭,如日本精工(SII)的LTP2342(75mm/s)、LTPF347(220mm/s)、日本EPSON的532(150mm/s)等。?
??? (2)選用高速微處理器及快速存儲器?
??? 熱敏打印機控制板的主要功能是接收由主機發來的數據,然后將每一個字符的字形碼從內存(ROM)中取出,并按照一定格式放入內存(RAM)中的打印點行緩沖區,最后將點行緩沖區的內容送到打印頭的移位寄存器中,進行加熱打印。打印的漢字采用24×24點陣,這樣對每一個漢字,就要先由該漢字的機內碼計算出存放在ROM的地址,再從ROM中讀取72次數據,然后計算RAM中的地址,往RAM中寫入72次數據。對于如此大量的數據存儲及轉換,必須采用高速的CPU和存儲時間小的ROM及RAM,否則將在數據存儲及轉換上花費大量時間,從而降低打印速度。?
??? (3)先進的控制模式?
??? 從熱敏打印頭的方面看,控制時序是如下進行的:數據傳送→數據鎖存→打印頭加熱→走紙,然后開始下一行的傳送和打印。數據鎖存是瞬間完成的,它的時間可以忽略不計,故對一般的控制模式,打印頭的主要時間分配如表1所示。?
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??? 對于行式熱敏打印機,為了提高打印速度,都采用雙緩沖寄存器。因此必須充分利用這個特點,采用先進的控制模式,如表2所示。先進的控制模式就是在打印頭加熱時,CPU完成下一行的數據轉換及數據傳送。?
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??? 以LTP2342打印頭為例比較兩種控制模式的打印速度。LTP2342每一點行為576個點。假設數據的傳輸頻率為1MHz,每一點行的加熱時間為1ms,走紙電機的驅動頻率為1500pps,這樣用一般控制模式,打印每一點行的時間為:0.765+1+0.667=2.43ms,打印速度為410點行/秒;用先進的控制模式,打印每一點行的時間為:1+0.667=1.667ms,打印速度為599點行/秒。由此可見,控制模式對打印速度影響很大。?
3 硬件設計?
??? 本打印機控制板的硬件總體框圖如圖3所示。整個電路主要由主控電路、走紙電機控制及打印頭狀態檢測電路、打印頭保護電路及頭溫測量電路組成。?
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3.1 主控電路?
??? 主控電路由微處理器、IMP810復位芯片、62256靜態存儲器、29C040FLASH、XC9536CPLD、Max232串行接口芯片組成。?
??? 考慮到價格及采購的便易,本控制板采用Winbond的高速微處理器77E58,77E58的時鐘頻率為40MHz,每個機器周期為4時鐘周期。控制程序、ASCII字符的字型碼(24×12)以及中國移動、中國聯通及中國電信的圖標存放在77E58的內部32K字節的FLASH中,32K的62256靜態存儲器主要作為接收數據緩沖區,512K的29C040存放24×24點陣的國標一、二級漢字字庫及1～3區的字符。XC9536實現的功能主要有:擴展77E58地址線以訪問29C040、并行接口數據的鎖存及控制、部分熱敏頭控制信號的產生等。?
??? 將內存的點行緩沖區的數據輸出到打印頭的移位寄存器中,可以有不同的方式。一種是用外加74LS166移位寄存器[4],但這種方法會導致外圍電路復雜;第二種可采用DSP控制器本身的串行同步口進行傳送[5]。本控制板直接采用單片機的I/O口線,用軟件移位的方法,將要打印的字節數據轉換為串行數據移到打印頭的寄存器中。本控制板采用先進的控制方式,即利用行式熱敏打印機的雙緩沖寄存器結構,在給打印頭加熱時,CPU進行數據轉換和數據傳輸。采用40MHz的77E58,傳送576個點數據(72字節)的時間小于打印頭的加熱時間(一般為1ms左右),故這種方法既接口簡單又不影響打印速度。?
3.2 走紙電機控制電路?
??? LTP2342走紙電機采用的是雙極斬波驅動的步進電機,本控制板采用三菱公司的步進電機專用驅動電路M54646來驅動走紙電機,控制電路如圖4所示。M54646為恒流斬波驅動的步進電機控制芯片,通過控制VR腳的電壓控制供給步進電機的電流。一般來說,供給的電流越大,步進電機的力矩越大,但走紙噪音也越大。在能帶動打印紙的情況下,應盡量采用較小的供電電流。通過VR1與VR2的組合,可以給54646提供不同的基準電壓VR,從而給走紙電機提供不同的供電電流。?
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3.3 打印頭保護及頭溫測量電路?
??? 對打印頭的保護是打印機控制板好壞的重要標志。由于行式熱敏打印機對發熱元件的加熱時間都是毫秒級,如果對發熱元件連續加熱超過1秒,將會燒壞打印頭,因此對打印頭的保護必須及時、可靠。?
??? 從行式打印機的原理圖中可以看出,要使發熱元件加熱,除寄存器中數據點為高外,還必須將頭電壓Vp接到供電電源且
腳為低電平。只要任一條件不滿足,就不可能給打印頭加熱,也就不會燒壞打印頭。一般電路都是用單片機控制及Vp電源,如果單片機正常工作,則可以保護打印頭,但如果單片機本身損壞,就很可能燒壞打印頭。本電路采用了雙重保護電路,由單片機控制,對Vp的控制則采用一種獨立于單片機的保護電路。保護電路如圖5所示。圖中打印頭的電源Vp是通過開關管" title="開關管">開關管連接到供電電源,對開關管的控制是通過一個可重觸發的單穩觸發器(74HC123)進行的。當在觸發器的2腳加入一個脈沖時,觸發器就會控制開關管導通一定時間,導通時間由C39和R34決定。如果不在導通時間內,再在2腳繼續加入觸發脈沖,則開關管關斷。開始上電時由復位信號加到觸發器的3腳,使開關管關斷。這樣如果單片機損壞,則不可能復位后在2腳產生脈沖信號,開關管也就不可能導通。這種雙重保護電路大大提高了保護打印頭的可靠性,在本控制板的實際應用中取得了很好的保護效果。?
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??? 由于對頭溫檢測的精度要求不是很高,本電路采用軟件的方法實現A/D轉換。打印頭的溫度傳感器的信號連到TH腳,溫度越高,TH電位越高。轉換前將TEMP腳置低,轉換時將TEMP腳置高,這樣就通過電阻R22對電容C13進行充電。單片機每隔一定時間采集一次TE_MPO狀態,這樣溫度越高,比較器輸出電位翻轉的時間越長,從而采集的數據越大。?
4 軟件設計?
??? 軟件的主要功能是接收來自主機通過串口或并口發來的數據,然后判斷數據的類型。如果是可打印的字符,則從FLASH中取出各字符的字形碼,并進行轉換,然后送往打印頭的行緩沖區進行打印;如果數據是控制命令,則轉到相應控制命令的執行程序。本控制板實現了英文和漢字的混合打印。限于篇幅,程序框圖及程序清單省略,感興趣的讀者可與作者聯系。?
??? 使用77E58微處理器開發的高速行式熱敏打印機控制板具有打印速度快、打印頭保護功能可靠、性能穩定的優點,已在電信部門的1000多家電信營業廳得到應用,取得較好的社會效益和經濟效益。?
??? 本打印機采用的是日本精工LTP2342熱敏打印頭,其打印速度最快為75mm/s,即600點行/秒,按打印24×24點陣的漢字字符計算,行間距為4,則打印速度為600/(24+4)=21行/秒。如果要開發速度更快的熱敏打印機,就應選用速度更快的熱敏打印頭,如EPSON532(150mm/s)或日本精工LTPF347(220mm/s),同時也應選擇更高性能的微處理器(如Dallas的89C420或32位的微處理器)來進行數據轉換及傳輸。?
參考文獻?
1 Thermal Printers Product Catalog.Seiko Instrument Inc,2001?
2 竇振中,汪立森.熱敏打印機設計原理.電子計算機與外部設備,2000;24(3):22～23?
3 竇振中,汪立森.標準并行接口漢字熱敏微型打印機的實現.電子計算機與外部設備,2000;24(4):22～23?
4 楊安平,朱 皖.8098在微型熱敏打印機中的應用.電子產品世界,1999;11(4):50～51?
5 李享元,盧松濤,尹冬元等.DSP串行同步口“無縫”驅動熱敏打印機.電子產品世界,2000;11(5):38～39