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用ARM7+μC/OS-II設計的基于S3C4510B的信號采集系統

摘要： 介紹了一種用ARM7+μC/OSII設計的數據采集系統。給出了系統原理框圖，實現了將嵌入式操作系統植入該系統中，列出了軟件設計的要點。

關鍵詞： ARM μC/OSII RISC架構 ARM7 ARM7TDMI S3C4510B

Abstract：

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摘　要：介紹了一種用ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" 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title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7+μC/OSII設計的數據采集系統。給出了系統原理框圖，實現了將嵌入式操作系統植入該系統中，列出了軟件設計的要點。

在一些工業現場中，設備長時間運行容易出現故障，為了監控這些設備，通常利用數據采集裝置采集他們運行時的數據并送給PC機，通過運行在PC機上的特定軟件對這些數據進行分析，以此判斷當前運行設備的狀況，進而采取相應措施。當前常用的數據采集裝置，在其系統軟件設計中，多采用單任務順序機制。這樣就存在系統安全性差的問題。這對于穩定性、實時性要求很高的數據采集裝置來說是不允許的，因此有必要引入嵌入式操作系統。筆者以μC/OSII為操作系統平臺，基于ARM7系列處理器，對一種高性能的數據采集系統開發進行了探索。

　　1 μC/OSII嵌入式操作系統簡介

　　嵌入式操作系統μC/OSII（microcontroller operating system）是專為微控制器系統和軟件開發而設計的公開源代碼的搶占式實時多任務操作系統內核，是一段微控制器啟動后首先執行的背景程序，作為整個系統的框架貫穿系統運行的始終。對于對實時性和穩定性要求很高的數據采集系統來說，引入μC/OSII無疑將大大改善其性能。

　　μC/OSII的特點可以概括為以下幾個方面：公開源代碼，代碼結構清晰、明了，注釋詳盡，組織有條理，可移植性好，可裁剪，可固化。內核屬于搶占式，最多可以管理60個任務。μC/OSII自1992年的第一版（μC/OS）以來已經有好幾百個應用，是一個經實踐證明好用且穩定可靠的內核。目前國內對μC/OSII的研究和應用都很多。

　　2 系統基本工作原理

　　應用時，數據采集系統置于被監控的設備處，通過傳感器對設備的電壓或者電流信號進行采樣、保持，并送入A/D轉換器變成數字信號，然后將該信號送到FIFO中。當FIFO中存放的數據到了一定數目時，由ARM7從FIFO中讀出，然后通過ARM7的以太網接口或者RS232送給上位機。考慮到要監控的設備可能會很多，所以設計了多路采集通道，他們經過模擬開關后再進入A/D轉換器。CPLD是整個系統的控制核心，他控制采集通道的切換、A/D轉換器的啟/停、轉換后的數據在FIFO中的存放地址發生器、產生中斷請求以通知ARM7讀取存放在FIFO中的數據等。

　　3系統硬件結構

　　系統的基本結構框圖如圖1所示。該系統采用了Samsung公司的S3C4510B作為系統與上位機溝通的橋梁，S3C4510B是基于以太網應用系統的高性價比16/32位RISC微控制器，他有如下幾個主要特點：

　　硬件方面內含一個由ARM公司設計的16/32位ARM7TDMI RISC處理器核，ARM7TDMI為低功耗、高性能的16/32核，最適合用于對價格及功耗敏感的應用場合。S3C4510B通過在ARM 7TDMI核內容基礎上擴展一系列完整地通用外圍器件。

　　片上資源包括2個帶緩沖描述符（buffer descriptor）的HDLC通道；2個UART通道；2個GD M A通道；2個32位定時器；18個可編程的I/O口。還有中斷控制器；DRAM/SDRAM控制器；ROM/S RAM和FLASH控制器；系統管理器；1個內部32位系統總線仲裁器；1個外部存儲器控制器等片內的邏輯控制電路。

　　這些為μC/OSII的移植提供了優良的物理資源。

　　軟件支持方面他有配套的代碼編輯調試環境ADS12和JTAG在線調試功能，使S3C4510B芯片軟件可以直接用C編寫，這就使μC/OSII的植入成為可能。

　　12位高速A/D轉換電路采用Analog Devices的AD574，該電路輸出具有三態鎖存功能。預處理電路包括了電流電壓互感器、隔離電路和同步采樣電路，他可以將信號轉換成與AD574相匹配的量值，供后續處理。通訊電路采用常用的以太網接口與上位機相連，而232接口可作為備用，這樣該裝置既可作為便攜式系統使用，也可通過網絡來對設備實施實時監控。

　　4 軟件設計部分

　　軟件部分要分別編寫S3C4510B部分的程序和CPLD控制程序。前者可分為μC/OSII的移植和各個應用程序的編寫，后者用VHDL語言實現。

　　對于S3C4510B部分，根據整個裝置實現的功能和對他的要求進行系統任務分割，并根據實際需要為各個任務分配優先級。系統大致可分為如下幾個任務：初始化CPLD控制參數；對FI FO的讀取；與上位機的TCP/IP通訊；與上位機的串口通訊。對應每個任務，需要編寫相應的應用程序，軟件設計部分的關鍵技術有：

　　（1）μC/OSII內核向S3C4510B中的移植，要根據處理器的特點合理地修改μC/OS II的3個與處理器相關的文件：OS_CPUH，OS_CPU_AASM，OS_CPU_C.C。主要是將文件中的匯編指令，改為ARM7的匯編指令，并根據CPU的特點對文件中寄存器的初值進行改寫。

　　（2）內存配置問題。對于存儲器容量的設計，要綜合考慮μC/OSII內核代碼和應用程序代碼的大小。每個任務是獨立運行的，必須給每個任務提供單獨的棧空間（RAM），RAM總量的計算公式為：

　　RAM總量＝應用程序的RAM需求＋內核數據區的RAM需求＋各任務棧需求之總和＋最多中斷嵌套所需堆棧

　　（3）TCP/IP協議在μC/OSII中的實現。為了滿足嵌入式設備與Internet網絡直接交換信息的要求，在μC/OSII中又移植了LwIP協議棧。

　　LwIP是瑞士計算機科學院（Swedish Institute of Computer Science）的Adam Dunkels等開發的一套用于嵌入式系統的開放源代碼TCP/IP協議棧。LwIP的含義是Light Weight(輕型)IP協議。LwIP可以移植到操作系統上，也可以在無操作系統的情況下獨立運行。LwIP TC P/IP實現的重點是在保持TCP協議主要功能的基礎上減少對RAM的占用，一般他只需要幾十k的RAM和40 k左右的ROM就可以運行，這使LwIP協議棧適合在低端嵌入式系統中使用。

　　LwIP的特性有：支持多網絡接口下的IP轉發；支持ICMP協議；包括實驗性擴展的的UDP（用戶數據報協議）；包括阻塞控制、RTT估算、快速恢復和快速轉發的TCP（傳輸控制協議）；提供專門的內部回調接口（raw API）用于提高應用程序性能。

　　LwIP可以很容易地在μC/OSII的調度下，為系統增加網絡通信和網絡管理功能。LwIP協議棧在設計時就考慮到了將來的移植問題，他把所有與硬件，OS，編譯器相關的部份獨立出來，放在/src/arch目錄下。因此LwIP在μC/OSII上的實現就是修改這個目錄下的文件，其他的文件一般不應該修改。在驅動中主要是根據S3C4510B內的以太網控制特殊功能寄存器，編寫網絡接口的處發送包、接收包函數，初始化以及用于以太網控制器的外部中斷服務程序。

　　采用基于ARM7的S3C4510B嵌入式微處理器，可以使系統小型化，便于提高性能以及與各種外設連接擴展，同時降低了成本。μC/OSII作為一個源代碼公開的操作系統，在具體應用種穩定可靠。本系統采用ARM7+μC/OSII開發設計，具有精度高、運行穩定、實時性好、抗干擾能力強、性價比高的特點，可以在各種工業場合中廣泛應用，達到了設計的初衷。

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