摘 要： 基于H.264/AVC視頻編碼標準，完成了編碼模塊中的4×4整數(shù)變換" title="整數(shù)變換">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" 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title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化" title="整數(shù)變換量化">整數(shù)變換量化核的分析和硬件實現(xiàn)" title="硬件實現(xiàn)">硬件實現(xiàn)的優(yōu)化設計" title="優(yōu)化設計">優(yōu)化設計。通過三種優(yōu)化設計處理后，在硬件開銷改變不大的情況下，使4×4整數(shù)變換量化核的最高工作頻率" title="工作頻率">工作頻率相比優(yōu)化前的30.7MHz提高了82％，達到55.8MHz，為H.264/AVC視頻編碼標準的硬件實現(xiàn)提供了參考。
關(guān)鍵詞： H.264/AVC 視頻編碼 整數(shù)變換 量化
隨著數(shù)字化視頻技術(shù)在視頻電話、視頻會議、DVD以及高清晰度數(shù)字電視等方面的應用，視頻壓縮標準也隨之不斷發(fā)展。ITU-T制定的H.26x系列和ISO/IEC制定的MPEG-x系列，是視頻領域中兩大獨立的主流視頻壓縮標準。2003年，這些組織又聯(lián)合推出新的視頻壓縮標準H.264/MPEG-4 -10AVC，簡稱H.264/AVC。H.264/AVC采用一系列新的壓縮方法[1]，可獲得更好的壓縮效果，其壓縮率達到以往標準的1.5~2倍[2]。因此，基于這一標準的相關(guān)研究和硬件實現(xiàn)具有重要的意義。視頻壓縮硬件實現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵是編解碼模塊，其中尤以編碼模塊最為核心。本文主要研究編碼模塊中的4×4整數(shù)變換量化核，提出硬件實現(xiàn)的優(yōu)化方法，并采用Verilog HDL語言進行硬件設計和綜合。
1 4×4整數(shù)變換量化核的原理
在以前的視頻編碼標準如MPEG-2和H.263中，對于預測的殘差數(shù)據(jù)都是采用8×8離散余弦變換(DCT)[1]作為變換的基本運算操作；而在H.264/AVC編碼標準中，則采用類似DCT變換形式的基于4×4 像素塊的整數(shù)變換。由于變換塊的尺寸縮小，運動物體的劃分更精確，而且運動物體邊緣處的銜接誤差大為減小。
對于整數(shù)變換方式，4×4像素塊的變換公式[3]為：
式中，(CXCT)是二維變換核，Ef是縮放因子矩陣，符號
表示CXCT矩陣里的每個元素和Ef矩陣中相同位置的元素相乘，a=1/2，b=
。為了更有效地壓縮數(shù)據(jù)，需要利用量化的方法對變換后的數(shù)據(jù)進行有損壓縮。同時，由于整數(shù)變換需要利用矩陣行向量的歸一化因子進行系數(shù)縮放處理，為降低變換的運算量，在H.264/AVC標準中將變換的系數(shù)縮放并進行量化運算處理，避免了復雜的實數(shù)運算和除法運算，更有利于硬件的實現(xiàn)。
對于量化方式，正向量化運算可由如下公式[3]實現(xiàn)：
式中， Zij為量化后的系數(shù)；Wij為變換矩陣W＝CXCT中的元素;MF=
·2q，PF稱為縮放系數(shù)，根據(jù)元素在陣列塊中的不同位置，其取值如表1所示，Qstep為量化步長，由0至51共52個量化參數(shù)QP決定，QP增加1， Qstep增加12.5%； q=15+QP/6，QP/6取整數(shù)；對于幀內(nèi)宏塊f取2q/3，幀間宏塊f取2q/6。需要指出的是，MF的值可根據(jù)PF和QP的取值經(jīng)簡單計算得到，并可形成表格，通過查表方式便可實現(xiàn)硬件運算，并有效地提高了運算速度。
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2 4×4整數(shù)變換量化核的優(yōu)化設計
為進一步提高硬件運算速度，減少硬件開銷，設計中采用了如下優(yōu)化方法：
(1)在求取變換陣W＝CXCT時，根據(jù)變換的對稱性，將X的列變換(矩陣左乘)與行變換(矩陣右乘)分開實現(xiàn)，把二維變換分割為兩次一維變換，并采用快速堞形算法[4]來實現(xiàn)。一維變換的快速算法實現(xiàn)如圖1所示，其中的列變換可用如下算式表示：
對于每列變換，需要進行8次加法和2次移位運算，而行變換則可根據(jù)矩陣轉(zhuǎn)置的性質(zhì)ABT=(BAT)T，將經(jīng)過列變換后的結(jié)果矩陣先進行轉(zhuǎn)置，再采用相同的變換形式運算。這樣對4×4點數(shù)據(jù)做一次變換，只需通過8×8次加法和2×8次移位運算便可完成。
(2)針對不同運算的位寬需要，設計專用的加法器和乘法器。本文對整數(shù)變換中的加法器采用三級流水線加法器，實現(xiàn)9位加法，每級流水線完成三位超前進位加法，將邏輯延遲限制在三位加法器之內(nèi)。圖2給出了9位加法器的流水線實現(xiàn)框圖。選用EPF10K10LC84-3作為適配器件，經(jīng)過Synplify Pro 7.3綜合，結(jié)果表明這種加法器具有較優(yōu)的最高工作頻率和硬件開銷。如表2所示, 常規(guī)加法器的最高工作頻率為37.0MHz，消耗資源卻為28LC，而經(jīng)過優(yōu)化的三級流水線加法器在消耗資源增加不多的情況下，其最高工作頻率相比常規(guī)加法器提高了257%，達到94.5MHz。
在量化過程中，對于給定的量化參數(shù)QP， MF只有三種取值，因此乘法實現(xiàn)可以采用無符號數(shù)乘法運算，乘法結(jié)構(gòu)則采用16×14位加法樹乘法器。這樣，在提高運算速度的同時節(jié)約了芯片面積。
(3)對于f的計算，在不影響運算精度的情況下本文采用近似處理。為了避免除法運算，將f的計算式變形，即：
f=2q/3=(215/3)×2m≈[(215＋1)/3]×2m≈10923×2m
式中， m取值為0～8，具體由相應的QP給出。由于f在完成加法運算后其結(jié)果還需左移q位，所以計算精度不會受影響。這樣，對f的計算只需進行移位操作。
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3 4×4整數(shù)變換量化核硬件實現(xiàn)
基于上述算法原理及其設計，本文首先對4×4整數(shù)變換量化模塊進行C語言編程，驗證了該模塊所采用算法的正確性。然后采用Verilog HDL語言描述4×4整數(shù)變換和量化核(幀內(nèi)模式)的硬件功能，并通過仿真軟件Modelsim SE 5.7進行功能仿真，驗證了該模塊輸出結(jié)果與設計要求相一致。最后采用Synplify Pro7.3綜合工具，并以Altera公司的Stratix系列FPGA作為主要目標適配器件進行綜合。
4×4整數(shù)變換量化核的二大子模塊的綜合結(jié)果如表3所示，表中同時給出經(jīng)本文優(yōu)化設計前后的綜合結(jié)果作為對比。可見，經(jīng)本文采用的三種優(yōu)化設計處理后，在硬件開銷改變不大情況下，變換子模塊的最高工作頻率達到59.4MHz，是未優(yōu)化前的1.73倍，而量化子模塊的最高工作頻率達到55.8MHz，是未優(yōu)化前的1.82倍。4×4整數(shù)變換量化核的最高工作頻率取各子模塊的最低頻率，這樣其優(yōu)化后的最高工作頻率是55.8MHz，相比優(yōu)化前的30.7MHz提高了82％。
本文對H.264/AVC協(xié)議中的4×4整數(shù)變換量化核從算法原理到硬件實現(xiàn)進行了分析和設計。采用自頂向下的Verilog HDL設計流程,實現(xiàn)了4×4整數(shù)變換量化核硬件功能的優(yōu)化設計，模塊的最高工作頻率提高了82％，為H.264/AVC視頻編碼標準的硬件實現(xiàn)提供了參考。
參考文獻
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