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基于TMS320DM6446的H.264編碼器實(shí)現(xiàn)與優(yōu)化

摘要： 以TMS320DM6446DSP為核心的視頻編碼系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì)，并重點(diǎn)研究了H.264編碼器在以TMS320DM 6446為目標(biāo)的CCS平臺(tái)上的移植和優(yōu)化工作。

關(guān)鍵詞： DSP TMS320DM6446 TI

Abstract：

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　1 引言

　　H.264是ITU-T的視頻編碼專家組(VCEG)和ISO／IEC的活動(dòng)圖像專家組(MPEG)聯(lián)合制定的視頻壓縮標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。它在H.263／H.263++的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展,在繼承所有編碼壓縮技術(shù)優(yōu)點(diǎn)的同時(shí)引入許多全新的編碼技術(shù)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配層NAL的概念，從而擁有更高的編碼效率和更好的網(wǎng)絡(luò)適配性。為從低碼率的實(shí)時(shí)通信系統(tǒng)或無線環(huán)境到高碼率的HDTV和數(shù)字存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)提供一個(gè)優(yōu)良的視頻壓縮編碼通用工具。但H.264標(biāo)準(zhǔn)優(yōu)異的性能表現(xiàn)是以編碼運(yùn)算復(fù)雜度和運(yùn)算量大為代價(jià)，在通用的PC機(jī)平臺(tái)實(shí)現(xiàn)會(huì)占用較大的CPU和內(nèi)存資源。隨著數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器(DSP)技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展，DSP的處理速度和能力飛速提高。DSP已滿足H.264標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的編解碼運(yùn)算速度要求。因此，在穩(wěn)定的媒體處理器平臺(tái)上實(shí)現(xiàn)H.264標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有著較好的工程意義和應(yīng)用前景。

　　詳細(xì)介紹了以TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" 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title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" 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title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446" title="TMS320DM6446">TMS320DM6446DSP為核心的視頻編碼系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì)，并重點(diǎn)研究了H.264編碼器在以TMS320DM 6446為目標(biāo)的CCS平臺(tái)上的移植和優(yōu)化工作。

　　2 視頻編碼系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計(jì)

　　2．1 DSP的選型

　　DSP選用TI公司的Davinci媒體處理專用器件TMS320DM6446(簡稱DM6446)。它采用ARM+DSP雙核架構(gòu)，包含一個(gè)TMS320C64x+核心和一個(gè)ARM926EJ-S核心。C64x+核心采用改進(jìn)的超長指令字VLIW體系結(jié)構(gòu)，內(nèi)部擁有8個(gè)并行的運(yùn)算單元，時(shí)鐘頻率600 MHz，峰值處理能力高達(dá)4 752 MI／s。DM6446片內(nèi)為兩級(jí)高速緩存(Cache)結(jié)構(gòu)，設(shè)計(jì)有獨(dú)立的32位DDR2 SDRAM接口和16位異步EMIF接口。此外，DM6446還集成有多種適用于視音頻多媒體處理的片內(nèi)資源和接口，如用于和外部解碼器連接的視頻處理前端模塊VPFE、和視頻顯示設(shè)備連接的視頻處理后端模塊VPBE、多通道音頻串口等。

　　DM6446不僅在處理性能上完全滿足H.264標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。而且在內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、片內(nèi)資源和外部接口上對(duì)視頻處理應(yīng)用專門優(yōu)化，大大降低視頻應(yīng)用的開發(fā)難度和成本。

　　2．2 系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)框圖

　　視頻編碼系統(tǒng)硬件結(jié)構(gòu)原理框圖如圖1所示。主機(jī)通過PCIE總線對(duì)DSP進(jìn)行初始化加載程序。攝像頭輸出的模擬視頻信號(hào)經(jīng)視頻解碼模塊轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字信號(hào)，經(jīng)FPGA轉(zhuǎn)換電平。通過DM6446的VPFE模塊接口送人DSP，進(jìn)行壓縮編碼處理。編碼后的視頻數(shù)據(jù)從DM6446的EMIF接口輸出通過PCIE總線送回主機(jī)進(jìn)行下一步處理。DM6446的VPBE模塊可將采集的數(shù)字視頻信號(hào)再轉(zhuǎn)換為模擬信號(hào)輸出至電視進(jìn)行監(jiān)控。DDR2 SDRAM存儲(chǔ)編碼過程中的原始圖像、參考幀、編碼參數(shù)等數(shù)據(jù)。DM6446通過I2C總線配置A／D轉(zhuǎn)換器。FPGA與PCIE橋PEX8311之間加入雙端口RAM，以提高數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸效率。

　　2．3 視頻解碼模塊設(shè)計(jì)

　　模擬視頻信號(hào)的傳輸格式種類很多，而且國際上對(duì)數(shù)字視頻信號(hào)的傳輸格式有明確的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定，因此一般通用的A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器并不適合視頻領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用。這里選用專用的視頻解碼器ADV7189B，它支持12路模擬視頻通道，包含3個(gè)具有防噪性能的12位54 MHz的A／D轉(zhuǎn)換器。支持CVBS、S-端子、YprPb 3種格式的模擬視頻信號(hào)輸入，能夠自動(dòng)偵測NTSL／PAL/SECAM制式，輸出ITU-R BT.656標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的數(shù)字視頻信號(hào)。選用12路模擬通道中的3路，復(fù)用的支持3種模擬視頻格式。ADV7189B輸出10位數(shù)字視頻信號(hào)、獨(dú)立的垂直同步信號(hào)VD、水平同步信號(hào)HD和像素同步時(shí)鐘LLC1，電壓均為3.3 V電平，經(jīng)過FPGA轉(zhuǎn)換為DM6446要求的1.8 V，然后從DM6446的VPFE模塊專用數(shù)字視頻信號(hào)接口送入DSP。壓縮編碼前，VPFE模塊將ITU-R BT.656標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的視頻數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為H.264兼容的YUV4：2：O格式，存入DDR2 SDRAM中。VPFE模塊還支持對(duì)視頻數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行白平衡、縮放等預(yù)處理操作。ADG3301實(shí)現(xiàn)I2C總線的電平轉(zhuǎn)換。

　　2．4 視頻編碼模塊設(shè)計(jì)

　　DM6446片內(nèi)的VPBE模塊包含4個(gè)54 MHz的D／A轉(zhuǎn)換器，可在DM6446內(nèi)部將數(shù)字視頻信號(hào)直接轉(zhuǎn)化為模擬視頻信號(hào)，4路輸出，并且支持CVBS、S-端子、YprPb 3種模擬視頻格式。因此，視頻編碼模塊設(shè)計(jì)較為簡單，只需對(duì)4路模擬輸出信號(hào)放大，就可直接與監(jiān)視設(shè)備連接。選用TI公司的電壓反饋CMOS運(yùn)算放大器OPA357進(jìn)行運(yùn)算放大。

　　2．5 控制電路設(shè)計(jì)

　　DM6446的視頻信號(hào)接口、EMIF接口為1.8 V電平，ADV7189B接口、PCIE橋接口為3.3 V電平。系統(tǒng)需要大量的電平轉(zhuǎn)換工作，同時(shí)還需要實(shí)現(xiàn)大量的邏輯控制、PCIE橋與DM6446的通信協(xié)議。FPGA器件是最適合的選擇。選用Altera公司的邏輯器件EP2C35，它可在片內(nèi)實(shí)現(xiàn)1.8 V、2.5 V、3.3 V電平的轉(zhuǎn)換，并且能夠滿足系統(tǒng)對(duì)邏輯控制功能的要求。EP2C35內(nèi)部集成有片內(nèi)存儲(chǔ)器，可在ADV7189B與DM6446之間建立一個(gè)緩存區(qū)，提高數(shù)據(jù)傳輸效率。FPGA與DM6446、ADV7189B和PCIE橋接口電路如圖2所示。

　　3 H.264編碼器的DSP移植與優(yōu)化

　　目前，H.264編碼器的實(shí)現(xiàn)版本主要有：JM、T264、X264。其中JM是H.264官方源碼，實(shí)現(xiàn)H.264所有特征，但其程序結(jié)構(gòu)冗長，只考慮引入各種新特性以提高編碼性能，忽略編碼復(fù)雜度，其復(fù)雜度極高，不宜實(shí)用；T264編碼器編碼輸出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的264碼流，解碼器只能解T264編碼器生成的碼流；X264是編碼器注重實(shí)用，在不明顯降低編碼性能的前提下，努力降低編碼的計(jì)算復(fù)雜度。這里，用X264編碼器對(duì)DSP平臺(tái)移植、優(yōu)化。X264程序在DSP平臺(tái)上實(shí)現(xiàn)及優(yōu)化主要有：程序簡化、代碼移植、代碼優(yōu)化。

　　3．1 程序簡化

　　X264編碼器除支持H.264的基本檔次外，還包含主要檔次的某些功能選項(xiàng)以及其他功能模塊，代碼尺寸較大，因此需要將不必要的功能模塊刪除，以減小代碼尺寸。主要做以下刪減：刪除X264程序中的解碼部分，以及基本檔次功能之外的CABAC、B slice部分；X264程序是基于X86的PC平臺(tái)，包含了SSE、MMX等。PC平臺(tái)使用的優(yōu)化技術(shù)，在DSP平臺(tái)下無效：針對(duì)DSP平臺(tái)特點(diǎn)，調(diào)整刪減后的代碼文件結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　3．2 代碼移植

　　TI公司的DSP開發(fā)工具CCS具有自己的ANSI C編譯器和優(yōu)化器，并有自己的語法規(guī)則和定義，經(jīng)過上一步簡化后得到純C版本的X264編碼器需要經(jīng)過修改才能夠在CCS下應(yīng)用于具體的DSP。主要包括：①Visual c++、CCS對(duì)于變量和結(jié)構(gòu)體的“重復(fù)定義”問題的不同處理，需更改頭文件中變量和結(jié)構(gòu)體定義的位置；②用功能相同的庫函數(shù)代替CCS中沒有的庫函數(shù)，如strncasecmp()；③數(shù)據(jù)格式的不同，用long代替CCS中沒有的_int64格式；④按照CCS下C語言的規(guī)則定義數(shù)組；⑤修改系統(tǒng)配置參數(shù)的讀取方式；⑥編寫針對(duì)TMS320DM6446存儲(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的CMD文件。如此，X264便可以在CCS下編譯通過并運(yùn)行。

　　3．3 代碼優(yōu)化

　　純C版本的X264程序并沒有利用DM6446的資源和并行機(jī)制，代碼運(yùn)行速度極低。因此必須對(duì)代碼進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，提高處理性能。X264代碼優(yōu)化有以下3個(gè)層次：項(xiàng)目級(jí)優(yōu)化、算法級(jí)優(yōu)化和指令級(jí)優(yōu)化：

　　(1)項(xiàng)目級(jí)優(yōu)化項(xiàng)目級(jí)優(yōu)化主要是對(duì)CCS提供的各種編譯參數(shù)進(jìn)行選擇、搭配、調(diào)整，如本文使用的選項(xiàng)-o3、-pm等；利用CCS編譯器提供的優(yōu)化功能，改善循環(huán)及多重循環(huán)體性能，進(jìn)行軟件流水，提高軟件的并行性；改寫不適合編譯器優(yōu)化的語句，使CCS能夠?qū)Τ绦蜻M(jìn)行更好的優(yōu)化。

　　(2)算法級(jí)優(yōu)化進(jìn)行算法級(jí)優(yōu)化時(shí)。應(yīng)使VC環(huán)境下的純C版本與CCS下的版本同步更新，VC版本運(yùn)行正確，既可以保證算法理論上的正確，又可以加快工作速度并減少問題的產(chǎn)生。該算法優(yōu)化工作主要有以下幾點(diǎn)：①運(yùn)動(dòng)估算法的選擇：X264編碼器提供3種可選的整像素運(yùn)動(dòng)估算法：X264_ME_ESA(全搜索法)、X264_ME_HEX(六邊形搜索法)、X264_ME_DIA(小菱形搜索法)。在VC環(huán)境下使用純C版本代碼對(duì)同一視頻序列使用3種不同的搜索方法進(jìn)行編碼。對(duì)比3種搜索方法在編碼速度、峰值信噪比(PSNR)、碼率方面的性能。對(duì)比之下X264_ME_ESA算法的峰值信噪比最高,X264_ME_HEX次之，X264_ME_DIA最低，但相互之間的質(zhì)量差別并不大，碼率差別也很小，但編碼速度卻有明顯差距，X264_ME_DIA較前兩者在編碼速度上有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。經(jīng)比較，選擇使用X264_ME_DIA運(yùn)動(dòng)估計(jì)算法。②幀內(nèi)預(yù)測模式的改進(jìn)：在X264的幀內(nèi)預(yù)測流程中加入提前終止模式選擇的條件，改進(jìn)算法的流程。進(jìn)行16×16宏塊幀內(nèi)模式搜索時(shí)，在當(dāng)前模式的開銷小于已搜索過的模式的最小開銷的一半時(shí)，終止16×16幀內(nèi)預(yù)測模式選擇，以當(dāng)前模式為最佳16×16幀內(nèi)預(yù)測模式。對(duì)4×4塊也加入相同的條件，并且若當(dāng)前4×4塊幀內(nèi)預(yù)測模式的預(yù)測開銷比相應(yīng)的最佳16×16塊幀內(nèi)預(yù)測模式的開銷的1／16還要小，則終止4×4塊的幀內(nèi)預(yù)測模式選擇，以當(dāng)前預(yù)測模式作為最佳4×4塊的幀內(nèi)預(yù)測模式。改進(jìn)后的幀內(nèi)預(yù)測主體流程如圖3所示，灰色部分為加入的判定條件。

　　幀間預(yù)測模式的改進(jìn)：將當(dāng)前的16×16宏塊劃分為4個(gè)8×8宏塊，分別預(yù)測其運(yùn)動(dòng)矢量，然后以左右相鄰、上下相鄰的2個(gè)8×8塊的運(yùn)動(dòng)矢量的差值和閾值相比較為依據(jù)，判定是否進(jìn)行16×8、8×16等分塊模式的預(yù)測，最后選擇開銷最小的劃分模式為最佳幀間劃分模式。

　　(3)指令級(jí)優(yōu)化 DM6446一個(gè)時(shí)鐘周期內(nèi)可并行運(yùn)行8條指令，一次可存取64位數(shù)據(jù)，內(nèi)部擁有64個(gè)32位通用寄存器，并且支持對(duì)寄存器中的4個(gè)8位字節(jié)或2個(gè)16位字節(jié)分別進(jìn)行運(yùn)算處理，這些使得DM6446具有很強(qiáng)的并行運(yùn)算能力。視頻圖像的像素尺寸一般是4的倍數(shù)，X264中像素的值是用8位或16位數(shù)據(jù)按矩陣形式有規(guī)律的存儲(chǔ)，這種數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)與DM6446的并行處理方式很契合。因此對(duì)X264程序進(jìn)行指令優(yōu)化充分發(fā)揮DM6446的并行運(yùn)算能力，是提高編碼器速度的關(guān)鍵。主要分為以下兩部分：①使用內(nèi)聯(lián)函數(shù)優(yōu)化；C6000編譯器提供了許多內(nèi)聯(lián)函數(shù)intrinsics，它們是匯編指令映射的在線函數(shù)，不宜用C語言實(shí)現(xiàn)其功能的匯編指令都有對(duì)應(yīng)的intrinsics函數(shù)。這樣就可在C語言結(jié)構(gòu)中直接使用內(nèi)聯(lián)函數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)的并行運(yùn)算操作。如：未使用內(nèi)聯(lián)函數(shù)優(yōu)化前X264程序調(diào)用一次雙線性內(nèi)插函數(shù)只能計(jì)算一個(gè)亞像素點(diǎn)的值，而使用內(nèi)聯(lián)函數(shù)_mem4()、_avgu4()等進(jìn)行優(yōu)化后，一次可以計(jì)算4個(gè)亞像素點(diǎn)的值，大大提高了運(yùn)算速度。②使用線性匯編語言優(yōu)化：由于線性匯編不需要考慮寄存器分配、指令延遲、并行指令安排等因素。因此可以利用CCS提供的profile分析工具將使用頻率高、耗時(shí)多的函數(shù)抽取出來，根據(jù)事先已知的數(shù)據(jù)間的相關(guān)性等信息，在程序中直接改寫函數(shù)匯編，人工優(yōu)化。涉及的算法有：SAD、SSD的計(jì)算；DCT變換；反DCT變換、亞像素搜索等。

　　4 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果

　　選取具有代表性的視頻序列carphone(人物運(yùn)動(dòng)幅度較大)、news(背景變化，人物運(yùn)動(dòng)幅度不大)、container(背景簡單，景物運(yùn)動(dòng)緩慢)進(jìn)行編碼。視頻為YUV 4：2：0格式．QCIF，量化步長定為26，共50幀，采用IPPP…編碼模式。DM6446的時(shí)鐘頻率為600 MHz。表1為優(yōu)化后峰值信噪比、消耗時(shí)鐘周期、碼率等實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。表2為優(yōu)化前后編碼時(shí)鐘周期對(duì)比，I幀編碼速度平均提高了9倍，P幀編碼速度平均提高了11倍。

　　以視頻Miss-America為例，研究、對(duì)比移植優(yōu)化后的編碼器在不同的量化步長值(QP)下，圖像的壓縮質(zhì)量，如圖4所示。

　　5 結(jié)論

　　移植優(yōu)化后的X264編碼器在CCS環(huán)境下可正確編碼，在量化步長值26下編碼圖像質(zhì)量較高，優(yōu)化后編碼速度較優(yōu)化前有明顯提升。介紹的H.264視頻編碼系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計(jì)，和X264編碼器針對(duì)DM6446平臺(tái)移植、優(yōu)化的思路和方法，對(duì)構(gòu)建高效的視頻應(yīng)用平臺(tái)具有一定的參考價(jià)值。

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